酶,添加剂的自然替代品

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酶已成为生物技术的一个重要领域;酶的工业应用已迅速扩展到各种应用领域。这种成功的原因可以用它们的有效性、准确性、使用友好性来解释,最后但并非最不重要的是,添加剂的替代可能性,因为现有立法认为它们是技术加工的辅助

生物技术被认为是未来几十年的驱动工业领域,也是最有前途和发展速度最快的。已经对生物技术研究和发展进行了大量的公共和私人投资。以绝对值衡量,自1980年以来,欧洲的消费趋势增长了大约20倍。在这一领域,酶起着非常重要的作用:在过去的三十年里,工业酶制剂的使用迅速扩展到各种应用领域。开发这些高性能生物技术辅助工具仍有巨大的机会。这种成功的原因可以用它们的有效性、准确性、使用友好性来解释,以及,最后但并非最不重要的,替代添加剂的可能性,因为现有的立法认为它们是技术加工的辅助。酶的作用具有高度选择性,有助于提高产品质量和降低生产成本。例如,在面包生产中,阿尔法淀粉酶作为一种配料有几个好处,比如改善柔软度,延长保质期,甚至减少烘焙时间,就像预焙面包一样。在美国,食品行业占非药物酶市场的65%。酶通常来自动物或植物组织,以及通过微生物发酵过程获得的其他制剂。 According to EC Regulation no.1332/2008 of 16 December 2008 “food enzyme means a product obtained from plants, animals, or micro-organisms or products thereof, including a product obtained by a fermentation process using micro-organisms; containing one or more enzymes capable of catalyzing a specific biochemical reaction; and added to food for a technological purpose at any stage of the manufacturing , processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transport or storage of foods”. The history of modern enzyme technology really began in 1874, when the Danish chemist Christian Hansen produced the first specimen of rennet by extracting dried calves’ stomach with saline solution. Today’s genetic engineering technologies allow the transfer of genes from the source organisms (micro-organisms, animals, plants) to GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) organisms, making them available in far larger quantities. Even protein engineering contributes to the development of this area, by “developing” modified enzymes with improved functional properties. An interesting case concerns lysozyme, a β-glucoseaminidase capable of destroying the cell walls of certain bacteria by means of hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides. Discovered accidentally by Fleming in 192, it is now widely used in the food industry. Lysozyme is extracted from egg white, but it occurs naturally also in human tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Its function consists in breaking down polysaccharides present in the cell walls of gramnegative bacteria. This polysaccharide consists of alternate units of NAM and NAG.

它用于生产某些类型的奶酪(Grana Padano,Provolone,Montasio和Asiago),以防止主要由丁酸细菌引起的股东大胆的晚期吹风。第5条用于生产Grana Padano DOP的指导方针(纪律),允许“使用溶菌酶,除特伦特兰语外,最多每100千克牛奶最多为2.5克。在'90的开始时,还在酿酒中使用,以防止乳酸菌活性和羟化剂在老化期间发酵,有助于减少所用SO2量的2〜4倍。EC调节允许使用溶菌酶在酿酒中。2066/2001以最大浓度为50g / hl。另一个重要的例子涉及一种新一代酶,称为天冬酰胺酶,其防止在烹饪过程中形成丙烯酰胺 - 但稍后将更详细地讨论该主题。酶是天然催化剂,与化学催化剂相比,提供以下性质:
•基板中某个基板或粘合类型的特定作用,可以与仅打开锁定的钥匙的键相比;
•反应只产生一种特定的产物,而涉及化学催化剂的反应可能产生不希望的副反应;
•反应速率与底物浓度、温度、pH有关;
•使用简单:无需对设备或标准操作进行特殊更改,只需几个简单的权宜之计。

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