在食品生产中用于改善外观和感官的各种合成添加剂中,人工色素首先引起了消费者的不信任和反感。
过去,色彩强烈、鲜艳的食品可以被接受,但其受欢迎程度迅速下降,特别是在欧洲市场。2007年,一项有争议的科学研究(“南安普顿研究”)将其中一些与儿童多动症联系起来,从而导致他们逐渐被遗弃;这也是因为这些颜色的存在需要在标签上有一个特别的警告(在欧洲是强制性的)。此外,欧洲食品安全管理局最近推荐了6种人工色素的新的安全性评估,其中5种属于南安普顿研究:Allura Red、Azorubine、Ponceau、Sunset Yellow、柠檬黄和Amaranth。此外,“清理标签”的压力也越来越大,即去除所有非天然成分和添加剂,偏向被认为健康无害的天然物质。然而,有几种物质,如天然色胭脂虫(也称为胭脂红),虽然是100%天然的,并使用了几个世纪,但已不再被消费者接受。胭脂虫经常被用于增加饮料和糖果产品的红色,它是由生的、干燥的和粉状的大角球菌和胭脂虫的昆虫身体制成的,或者,最近,由微生物工程生产胭脂酸(负责颜色)。拒绝这种自然色彩超越人们的需求与过敏或素食者和严格的素食主义者,以至于,进一步在线签署请愿书超过6000消费者,一个重要的品牌,星巴克决定换成番茄红素strawberry-flavoured食品和饮料。另一种天然红色得到了更高程度的认同:红木红,来自秋葵树(Bixa orellana)的种子。这种脂溶性色素特别适用于高脂肪食品,如黄油、人造黄油、奶酪、冰淇淋和甜点,也适用于利口酒、早餐麦片、烘焙产品和蛋糕装饰。 Higher agreement meet natural colours like carotenes and carotinoids (various shades from yellow to orange), anthocyans and anthocyanins (flavonoids producing pink to purple colourings), occurring in nature in the tissues of many flowers, fruits and vegetables. Other natural colours are green (chlorophyll), brown (various types of caramel) and blue (derived from flowers). Not only carotenes and anthocyanins are natural substances: they even have beneficial effects on health, especially antioxidants and provitamins. Therefore, the presence of these substances in food is generally well accepted by most consumers, especially if it is not mentioned with its chemical name, but as “carrot juice” or “beet root” extract, and so on. How come that the use of these substances in the confectionery sector and other food sectors in general is still limited, but has been spreading only in the last few years? The answer can be found in the chemical structure of this colourings, which are not very stable, especially when exposed to light, heat, and pH (Fig. 1). Carotenes and anthocyanins are often suitable for use in confectionery products (hard and soft candies, jellies, coloured confetti, etc.), because in an environment containing little water or in presence of gelling agents, the colour is stabilized.
更稳定的配方
在过去的几年里,为了防止产品保质期内颜色的变化,在更稳定结构的分子的选择和转化方面,以及在改进配方方面,我们看到了重大的进展。至于胡萝卜素,已经生产出了更稳定的氧化和适当的乳化剂的配方,现在它们也可以用于富含水分的食品。胡萝卜素和叶黄素(其他结构类似的天然色素,包括玉米黄质和叶黄素)可用于食品染色(特别是鸡蛋面食、糖果、甜点和鸡蛋烘焙食品),甚至间接:事实上,如果添加到蛋鸡的饲料中,鸡蛋的蛋黄颜色会更强烈,达到橘红色,最终产品的颜色会更温暖、更强烈。大多数胡萝卜素和相关的化学色素是脂溶性的,而花青素是水溶性的,可以以液体和粉末的形式提供,最适合每种食品。胡萝卜素和叶黄素主要来自一些蔬菜(如胡萝卜、辣椒和玉米,以及绿叶蔬菜,在绿叶蔬菜中,胡萝卜素的存在被叶绿素掩盖了)和几种藻类。花青素来源于各种紫色的土豆和胡萝卜、葡萄皮和各种浆果。花青素主要用于红色着色,如草莓和覆盆子风味产品的糖果。理想的pH值是酸性的(从2到4.5),能让它们产生生动而强烈的颜色;这种情况很容易发生在含有酸性物质或酸性调节剂的水果类糖果上。 For products subject to thermal treatments, or that are wrapped in transparent packs, the use of thermostable and photostable anthocyanins is required, failing which the product colour fades away. If no anthocyanin can produce the desired colour for specific use conditions, other natural reds are available, as carmine (Cochineal), Annatto, Betanin (derived from red beet root), Tumeric (orange colourant derived from the root of the Curcuma longa plant), or carotenes, including red lycopene (derived from tomato). Next to its health-beneficial effects, lycopene has the advantage of being stable to high pH, high temperatures and in presence of ascorbic acid, whereas many anthocyanins darken in presence of this substance.
结论
总之,尽管在使用人工颜色方面存在一些缺点,如稳定性较低和波动成本较高,但天然颜色领域正在经历一个变化和扩大的过程(与美国市场相比,欧洲市场遥遥领先)。在选择正确的天然颜色时必须非常注意,考虑到目标食物的类型和生产过程;因此,需要更多的技术援助,以获得预期的结果。如今,这些着色剂的生产商和零售商一直在不断地研究更有效、更便宜的提取技术、更稳定的配方、更有效的显色和锚定系统,例如通过减少颜色颗粒的尺寸。






