1968年，俄亥俄州诺沃克的一所小学爆发胃肠炎，1972年通过电子显微镜首次发现了这些细菌。这种病毒被认为是在美国最常见的水传播感染的原因，因为它是大约负责。23%的病毒水传播感染。这些病毒在环境中是稳定的，可以在冷冻(0°C)和加热到60°C以及氯浓度为10ppm的高浓度下存活;这使得它们很难从饮用水中消除。水中的氯浓度分别为3.75 mg/l和6.25 mg/l，残留量分别为0.5 mg/l和1 mg/l，与饮用水系统中允许的氯浓度相当，悬浮在水中的病毒颗粒仍具有传染性和致病能力。即使以10毫克/升的剂量处理病毒也不能有效灭活病毒;事实上，自愿接受试验的患者中有1/8因诺如病毒感染而患病。即使在不含碳酸的矿泉水中，病毒RNA的存在也被多次记录在案。这些病毒引起肠胃炎，在成人中更常见，特别是在身体虚弱的情况下，并在世界范围内传播，人类是唯一已知的宿主。 In Switzerland no accurate data on the frequency of Norovirus-related outbreaks are available, since this disease is not subject to obligatory reporting regulations. It is known, however, that in 2002 many hospitals registered one or more outbreaks. In the U.K., 5241 outbreaks have been reported between 1992 and 2000, and in Germany some thousand cases are reported every year. Even in Italy small epidemic focuses have been reported (2002, Gulf of Taranto), but unfortunately there is no national surveillance system for nonbacterial gastroenteritis. As for transmission routes, viruses are excreted with feces and vomit. Transmission mainly occurs via personto- person contact; however, even indirect transmission has been documented via contaminated surfaces or by the respiratory route. Outbreaks caused by ingestion of contaminated foods and waters have been reported, especially in the United States. Among the potentially dangerous foods, there are shellfish and mussels. The minimum levels of contamination are very low (10-100 viral particles). The incubation period goes from 15 to 48 hours, and the transmission risk persists for at least 48 hours since the disappearance of clinical symptoms. The virus, however, can be identified in the feces for an additional period of one or two weeks, although the transmission risk during this phase is very low. The disease starts with acute symptoms characterised by diarrhoea and continuous vomiting. Generally no other general symptoms are present, such as high temperature etc. By analysing the available literature on this matter, it results that Noroviruses, especially Norwalk-like Viruses, are more frequently analysed and identified in mineral waters, followed by HAV, Echovirus and Coxsackievirus.
测试方法
目前用于识别瓶装矿泉水中病毒的诊断方法实施逆转录-PCR方法也称为RT-PCR（逆转录酶PCR）。这是由于分析的病毒是没有包膜的RNA病毒，因此不能用常规方法鉴定它们。第一步在RNA提取中组成，然后反应逆转录，以将RNA转化为cDNA和随后的PCR。该实施方法包括使用2升水样品，通过膜过滤器技术适当地过滤，其具有0.45m孔径，直径为47mm的膜。根据以下方案，用足够的试剂盒提取RNA。最后，将RT-PCR速率与各种类型病毒的特定引物直接提取。
标准协议
用于浓度和抑制病毒的标准方案包括使用具有正电荷（直径为90mm;0.45μm的孔径）的膜过滤器过滤2升水样品。然后通过在pH10ml NaOH中流过膜过滤器来洗涤测试样品;然后用10mL H 2 SO 4洗脱过滤的样品在pH 3.0，然后使用50L NaOH和100x TE缓冲液中和过滤的样品。此时，可以通过转移10再次浓缩测试样品
在Centriprep浓缩器中洗脱液，然后在1.500 / R.M的离心浓缩。在4°C。除去除去悬浮物后，使用毫克水洗涤试样两次，以获得2ml的最终体积。预处理的测试样品现在准备好用于RNA提取，然后是逆转录酶，以便将RNA转化为cDNA，然后将其提交给PCR。对于RNA提取，从300μL试验样品开始，市场上可用的套件可以使用，作为QIAMP病毒RNA Mini Kit-Qiagen。随后将得到的样品提交至RT-PCR，用于使用RTPCR的各种病毒（Norovirus，Echovirus，HAV和Coxsackevirus的特异性引物。Eppendorf主混合物含有Rt和Taq聚合酶。将其描述为图1中的方案。
