不同致病类别的几种病毒与受感染者的粪便连续排出并在废水中排出。从这里，它们到达表面水域，在特殊情况下，通过土壤渗透到饮用水系统中。测定和饮用水中病毒的鉴定非常困难，并且常规调查程序作为细胞培养物通常不足。特殊设备，作为电子显微镜或分子研究手术，需要此目的。因此，表面和饮用水中病毒的检测超出了大多数微生物学实验室的能力，并且不会落入最多公共监事会的能力范围内。相反，它应该仅通过特殊的实验室设施来完成。然而，尽管这一点，但经常报告水中病毒的存在。至于鉴定的病毒类型，最常见的是：a）表面水域：肠病毒;hav;轮状病毒; Astrovirus and Norovirus b) Mineral waters: Norovirus and Enterovirus (Echovirus and Coxsackievirus) The major properties of the a.m. viruses are shortly described in the following.
病毒及其特征
属于Picornaviridae家族的肠病毒由口腔途径或吸入传播。他们的名字是因为它们通常在人类和动物的肠道中发现它们;然而，其中一些可能涉及中枢神经系统，肝脏和心脏。因此，肠道病毒在个人和国内卫生的情况下广泛存在。他们可能会导致广泛的疾病 - 其中一些非常严重 - 包括脊髓灰质炎，传染性肝炎，心肌炎和脑膜炎。然而，肠病病毒的大多数感染是无症状的。肠病毒包括许多不同的血清学类型，如：Poliovirus，Coxsackievirus和Echovirus，其主要特征在表1中描述了其主要特征。甲型肝炎病毒，最初被归类为肠道病毒72，现在称为肝脏病毒，属于Picornaviridae家族;它的直径为27μm，缺乏包络，并且具有由单链的RNA组成的基因组。7,500个核苷酸，受蛋白质涂层保护。甲型肝炎病毒很普遍，广泛存在，其中个人和国内卫生较差; furthermore, it is highly persistent in the environment, which favours its diffusion. Its presence in surface waters is frequently reported even in Italy. More infrequent, however documented, is its presence in drinking waters for human consumption. Rotaviruses belong to the Reoviridae family; they measure 70 μm in diameter and contain a double RNA strain surrounded by a protein capsid. These viruses are widely present in the environment, and their transmission in uncontrollable, and for this reason they easily contaminate surface waters. Rotaviruses cause acute gastroenteritis; six serologic types have been identified, three of which (groups A, B and C) infect humans. Their major characteristics are listed in Table 2. Astroviruses belong to the recently identified family of Astroviridae. The name is derived from their distinctive appearance in electron microscopy showing a 5 or 6 pointed star-shaped core. They are defined as “Small Round Structured Viruses” (SRSVs), and possess well-defined surface structures, unlike the group designated “Small Round Viruses” (SRV) characterised by a smooth edge and no discernible structure. They are responsible for viral gastroenteritis, diseases spread by person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated foods and water. Astroviruses mainly infect children and elderly persons. Noroviruses (Norwalk/Norwalk-like viruses) are a group of “Small Round Structured Viruses” within the family of Caliciviridae. The genus Norwalk-like virus is divided into three distinct genogroups:
- Genogroup I：GG I - 类似的
- Genogroup II：GG II - 雪山 - 喜欢或SMA样
- GenoGroup III：GG III - 札幌诺病毒是单链RNA病毒，没有包络。
